Will your Social Security benefits be taxed?

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For many people, the answer is yes — but these strategies could help you minimize the hit on your retirement income.

Merrill, its affiliates, and financial advisors do not provide legal, tax or accounting advice. You should consult your legal and/or tax advisors before making any financial decisions.
Did you know that up to 85% of your Social Security income could be subject to federal (and possibly state and local) income taxes? Many investors miss this important detail. "That can be a real shock when people begin collecting benefits," says Ben Storey, director, Retirement Research & Insights, Bank of America.
How much of your Social Security income is subject to federal income tax depends on a variety of factors, including your federal income tax filing status and your modified adjusted gross income. But with a little up-front planning, you may reduce the possibility of taxes derailing your plans.
Combined income amounts for:
  Married, filing jointly Other taxpayers Then:
Scenario one $32,000 or less $25,000 or less Social Security income is tax free
Scenario two Between $32,000 and $44,000 Between $25,000 and $34,000 Up to 50% of Social Security income is taxable
Scenario three More than $44,000 More than $34,000 Up to 85% of Social Security income is taxable

When your Social Security may be taxed

Social Security benefit taxes are based on what the Social Security Administration (SSA) refers to as your "combined" income. That consists of your adjusted gross income, plus any nontaxable interest you earned (and certain other items) and half of your Social Security income. The thresholds for when your benefits will be taxable vary based on your filing status.
Because of these income thresholds, tax planning experts often advise looking for ways to lower your combined income. "When you plan for retirement," says Vinay Navani, a shareholder with WilkinGuttenplan, an accounting and consulting firm in East Brunswick, New Jersey, "you need to think in terms of multiyear projections." For example, if you anticipate a big one-time event, such as the sale of a business, you may be better off structuring the sale as an installment sale to be paid off over several years instead of an all-cash transaction. This can help evenly distribute your overall income and possibly keep you in a lower tax bracket, which could help reduce the portion of your Social Security benefits that is subject to federal income tax.
You may also want to consider a longer-term strategy for drawing from your individual retirement accounts (IRAs). That's because withdrawals from a traditional IRA generally will be included in your federal taxable income. Qualified withdrawals from a Roth IRA, however, are generally not included in your federal taxable income. So if you have both, you may want to carefully consider whether you should make withdrawals from your Roth or traditional IRA first.
A word of caution if you are considering converting a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA: Any deductible contributions as well as earnings that you convert will be included in your federal ordinary income in the year of the conversion. That may be worth it, though, because of the Roth IRA's other tax advantages.
Another option is to sell a non-IRA investment that earns taxable income, such as a taxable bond portfolio, and purchase a tax-deferred account, such as a deferred annuity. You could structure the annuity to begin paying income in a few years, when you expect your federal taxable income, as well as your overall tax rate, to decline.

When earnings may reduce your benefits

Those hoping to work in retirement need to be especially careful if they're planning to claim Social Security benefits early. Even if you're just working part-time, it's important to consider how that continuing income will affect your benefits.
The SSA Go to third-party website caps how much you are allowed to earn popup if you start taking your benefits before full retirement age, which is between 66 and 67 for most baby boomers. For every $2 you earn over the limit, the SSA withholds $1 off the top of your benefits. Once you reach the year that you'll turn full retirement age, the earned income cap goes up, and for every $3 you go over, it's a $1 withholding during the months until your birthday.
There is some good news, however: Because the penalty is determined by your individual earned income, if you retire early but your spouse doesn't, your spouse's earned income will not be factored into the earnings limit. Additionally, in the month you reach your full retirement age, the earnings limit disappears, and Social Security will recalculate your benefit amount, giving you credit for any months when benefits were reduced due to the earnings limit.Footnote 1
Keep in mind, if you file your tax return jointly, your spouse's earnings will be included when calculating your combined income for purposes of determining the taxation of your benefits.
Next steps

Footnote 1 Social Security Administration, "Go to third-party website Receiving Benefits While Working, accessed December 2023. popup."

To compute your potential tax liability or the impact of returning to work after retiring early, consult with your tax advisor. As always, your financial advisor can work with your tax professional to find appropriate solutions.

This material should be regarded as educational information on Social Security considerations and is not intended to provide specific advice. If you have questions regarding your particular situation, you should contact the Social Security Administration and/or your legal advisors.

Merrill, its affiliates, and financial advisors do not provide legal, tax, or accounting advice. You should consult your legal and/or tax advisors before making any financial decisions.
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